Present Perfect Continuous (Present Tenses)

EXAMPLE:

• I have been working as a teacher for 30 years.
• What have you been doing?

The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) has a long and scary name. But don't worry! Read on to learn how to use it.

USE

1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present
2. Actions that have recently stopped

USE 1: Continuation in the Present
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continues in the present.
Examples:

• He has been painting the house for 5 hours. (He's still painting it)
• I have been working as a fireman since 1973. (I still work as a fireman)

USE 2: Past actions recently stopped 
Use this tense also to talk about actions that began in the past and have recently stopped.
Examples:

• I have been waiting for you for half an hour! (I'm not waiting anymore because you have come)
• Look at her eyes! I'm sure she has been crying. (She stopped crying when she saw them)

FORM
To form a sentence in the Present Perfect Continuous, what you need is:

1. The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to have".
2. The auxiliary verb "to be" in the Past Participle form: "been".
3. The Present Participle of your verb (verb + ing)

1. Auxiliary Verb "to have"
We conjugate the auxiliary verb "to have" the same way we would conjugate the normal verb "to have

As you can see, the third person singular is irregular.
examples:

• She has never seen my brother.
• Neither of my brothers has ever driven a truck.

2. Auxiliary verb "to be"
The past participle of the verb "to be" is "been". This is also an auxiliary verb, and you must never forget about it!

• I have working as a teacher for 16 years.
• I have been working as a teacher for 16 years.>

3. The Present Participle
The present participle is of a verb is a verb form that appears with the present tenses. The present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb.

• talk + ing = talking
• be + ing = being

There are exceptions.

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Past Continuous (Past Tenses)

EXAMPLE:

• What were you doing then?
• I was eating the dinner when someone knocked at the door.
• When he was sleeping, I was working hard
• I was wondering if you could help me.

We usually use The Past Continuous (Progressive) to talk about longer actions in progress in the past. The actions can be interruped by something ("He was reading when she arrived") or can be happening at the same some ("She was learning English when he was watching TV"). There are also two other uses.

USE :

1. Actions in progress (in the past)
2. Interrupted actions in progress (in the past)
3. Actions in progress at the same time (in the past).
4. Irritation over something or somebody (in the past)
5. Timid / polite question

USE 1: Actions in progress 
We use the Past Continuous to express the idea that an action was in progress in the past.
Examples:

• I was watching TV yesterday in the evening.
• She was not crying.

USE 2: Interrupted actions in progress 
The Past Continuous is often used when one actions in progress is interruped by another action in the past. We usually use "when" to link these two actions. Sentences usually have this form:
[ Sentence in Past Continuous ] + WHEN + [Sentence in Past Simple ]
WHEN + [ Sentence in Past Continuous ] + [Sentence in Past Simple ]
or:
[ Sentence in Past Simple ] + WHEN + [ Sentence in Past Continuous ]
Examples:

• I was talking with James when the telephone rang.
• The plane crashed when Angelica was playing tennis.

USE 3: Actions in progress at the same time
We also use this tense to show that two actions are taking place at the same.
Examples:

• I was watching TV and Barbara was reading a book.
• The family was eating the dinner and talking.

USE 4: Timid / polite questions 
If we want to ask a polite question, we can use the Past Continuous.
Examples:

• I was wondering if you could open the window.
• I was thinking you might help me with this problem.

Even though the sentences have a Past Continuous form, they refer to the present moment. Their meaning is similar to the "could you" sentences, but they are more polite.

USE 5: Irritation 
Remember that you can also express irritation over somebody or something in the past.
Examples:

• She was always coming late for dinner!

FORM
To form a sentence in the Past Continuous, what you need is:

1. The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to be" in the past form
2. The Present Participle of your verb (verb + ing)

1. Auxiliary verb "to be"
The past form of the auxiliary verb "to be" is:

1. For the first and third person singular: "was"
2. For all others: "were"

Examples:

• She was always coming late for dinner!
• You were always coming late for dinner!

2. The Present Participle
The present participle is of a verb is a verb form that appears with the present tenses. The present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb.

• talk + ing = talking
• be + ing = being

There are exceptions.

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Past Perfect (Past Tenses)

EXAMPLE:

• I had written the letter before you came home.
• If she had studied hard, she would have passed the English language exam.
• I wish I had been brave enough.
• Mary looked as if she had not slept for 45 hours.

We use the Past Perfect tense to emphasize that an action in the past finished before another action in the past started. This tense is also used in reported speech, third conditional sentences, or to show dissatisfaction with the past.

USE

1. A completed action before another action in the past
2. Third conditional sentences
3. Reported speech
4. Dissatisfaction with the past

USE 1: A completed action before another action in the past 
The first use of this tense is to emphasize that one action in the past happened before another action in the past.
Examples:
I had finished my homework before I went playing football.
John had never been to London before we went there last year.

Good to know
People (especially native speakers) do not use the Past Perfect in such sentences very often. For example, they will say:

• After I washed my car, I went to fill up.

Rather than:

• After I had washed my car, I went to fill up.

This is because "after" or "before" tell the listener which action happened first. Still, keep in mind that it is better to use the Past Perfect, especially in written English or when writing exams.
Explanation
In this cartoon, you can see a man who says: "My son, Julius, had never seen a camel, before we went together to the Zoo in summer 1990 ".

• Why is this in Past Perfect? Click on the button labled "event 1". The father asks his son, Julius, the following question: "Have you ever seen a camel?". Julis replies that he has never seen it. In the next scene, they are in the Zoo, watching the animal. Notice that the event 1 occured before event 2. It means that the use of Past Perfect is correct here.

USE 2: Third conditional sentences 
Use the Past Perfect with third conditional sentences.
Examples:

• If we had gone by taxi, we wouldn't have been late.
• If Mary had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

The Use 2 is the so-called hypothetical past: we are talking about things that never happened.

• I wish I had fixed my umberella. (but I didn't)
• If only I had known the answer to that question. (but I didn't)

USE 3: Reported speech 
Use the Past Perfect with reposted speech.
Examples:

• Mary said she had already seen this film.
• He asked if I had read Harry Potter.

USE 4: Dissatisfaction with the past 
We often use the Past Perfect to show our dissatisfaction with the past. Such sentences typically start with "I wish ..." or "If only ...".
Examples:

• I wish I had taken more food. I'm hungry now.
• If only I had taken more food. I'm hungry now.

The Past Perfect is also used with expressions such as: "as if/though":

• John looked as if he had done something terrible.
• She looked as though she hadn't slept all night.

Form
To form a sentence in the Past Perfect, what you need is:

1. The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to have" in the past form.
2. The Past Participle of your verb.

1. Auxiliary verb "to have"
The past form of the auxiliary verb "to have" is "had":

• Mary had finished her homework before Mike came home.
• Mary has finished her homework before Mike came home.
• Mary hads finished her homework before Mike came home.

2. The Past Participle
The past participle of a verb is a verb form that appears with the perfect tenses. The past participle can be either regular or irregular.

• The regular verbs are formed by adding -ed to the verb:
  
• The formation of the irregular verbs does not follow one rule. Therefore, they should be memorized
  

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